A Timeline of Textile Machinery Inventions

A Timeline of Textile Machinery Inventions The  Industrial Revolution  was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. During this transition, hand production methods changed to machines and new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes were introduced. Water power efficiency improved and the increasing use of  steam power increased. Machine tools were  developed and the factory system was on the rise.  Textiles  were the main industry of the Industrial Revolution as far as employment, the value of output and capital invested. The textile industry was also the first to use modern production methods.  The Industrial Revolution began in  Great Britain  and most of the important technological innovations were British. The Industrial Revolution was a major turning point in history; almost every aspect of daily life changed in some way. Average income and population began to grow exponentially. Some economists say that the major impact of the Industrial Revolution was that the  standard of living  for the general population began to increase consistently for the first time in history, but others have said that it did not begin to really improve until the late 19th and 20th centuries.  At approximately the same time the Industrial Revolution was occurring, Britain was undergoing an  agricultural revolution, which also helped to improve living standards and provided surplus labor available for industry. Textile Machinery Several inventions in textile machinery occurred in a relatively short time period during the Industrial Revolution. Here is a timeline highlighting some of them: 1733  Flying shuttle  invented by John Kay:  an improvement to looms that enabled weavers to weave faster.1742  Cotton mills were first opened in England.1764  Spinning jenny  invented by James Hargreaves:  the first machine to improve upon the spinning wheel.1764  Water frame  invented by Richard Arkwright:  the first powered textile machine.1769  Arkwright patented the water frame.1770  Hargreaves patented the Spinning Jenny.1773  The first all-cotton textiles were produced in factories.1779  Crompton invented the  spinning mule  that allowed for greater control over the weaving process.1785  Cartwright patented the  power loom.  It was improved upon by William Horrocks, known for his invention of the variable speed batton in 1813.1787  Cotton goods production had increased 10 fold since 1770.1789  Samuel Slater  brought textile machinery design to the US.1790  Arkwright built the first steam-powered textile factory in Nottingham, Engla nd.1792  Eli Whitney invented the  cotton gin:  the machine that automated the separation of cottonseed from the short-staple cotton fiber. 1804  Joseph Marie Jacquard  invented the Jacquard Loom that weaved complex designs. Jacquard invented a way of automatically controlling the warp and weft threads on a silk loom by recording patterns of holes in a string of cards.1813  William  Horrocks invented the variable speed batton (for an improved power loom).1856  William Perkin invented the first synthetic dye.

Real Facts of Yawning

Real Facts of Yawning Introduction When people lack real facts concerning some issues, they develop mythical theories which aim at accounting for them. These speculations are based on religion, culture, and misconceived understanding which aim at closing the gap that exists when those issues are not explained. Often, the speculations and mythical theories are not challenged by laymen. Instead, they follow and believe in those theories until professionals challenge them.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Real Facts of Yawning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Professionals identify the real facts that lead to occurrence of eventualities based on factual evidence that can be proofed by scientific, statistical, and mathematical means of determination. In this light, they carry out detailed research on the issues, analyze the results, and make relevant conclusions regarding them. This paper aims at reviewing relevant literature in order to obtai n factual explanations on yawning which is a behavior that has created profound contention. Facts about Yawning Thermoregulation The biological researches suggest that human system, which is one of the most complicated systems, has various ways of regulating temperature, pressure and other factors of the body. In fact, it suggests that human body has mechanisms that keep all these factors at optimum levels so that they are maintained at a desirable range. In light of this regulation, the brain plays a crucial role when initiating the regulatory function. In this case, biologists argue that yawning is a crucial regulatory function which aims at regulating the temperature of the body (Donhoffer 435). This holistic process, which involves other mechanisms besides yawning, is often referred to as thermoregulation. It was discovered that differences in ambient temperatures affected the frequency of yawning. In an investigation regarding yawning behavior, a cold pack of ice was put on the forehead of a girl. In this instance, the girl yawned for 45 percent of experimentation period. In the second instance, a glass of warm water was placed on the forehead where the percentage of yawning reduced to 10 percent. This indicated that high temperature increased yawning while low temperature reduced frequency of yawning (Gonzaga 199). While explaining this observation, scientists argued that human brain needs a lot of energy to coordinate the body. When ambient temperatures increase, the brain temperature rises quicker than other parts of the body. It, therefore, initiates yawning where the mouth takes a considerably big gulp of air and jaws stretch. When the jaws stretch they increase the amount of blood flowing to the brain through the dense network of blood vessels which are found in the nasal cavity. At the same time, it enables the mouth to take a gulp of air that moves above the blood vessels reducing the temperature of the blood which is flowing on the vessels toward s the brain. As a result, the temperature of the brain reduces since it receives considerably cold blood in that process. When the ambient temperatures reduce, the brain aims at retaining heat and minimizing heat loss to the environment.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, frequency of yawning is reduced to avoid intensive flow of air to the nasal cavity. Otherwise, gulping air could lead to reduction of blood temperature and subsequent reduction of brain temperatures. This could lead to fatal breakdown of the brain, which is a critical part of the body, since it coordinates most responses. In fact, the mechanism of yawning is initiated by the hypothalamus that is found in the rear part of the human brain. The same occurrence was evident in an experiment which was conducted on a mouse by fluctuating ambient temperatures. This, therefore, implies that yawning occ urs in order to regulate temperatures in the body as a thermoregulatory mechanism. It explains why people yawn before going to bed, when they are hungry, and when they are sleepy. In this case, it is noted that these factors are related to increase in ambient temperature. Scientists argue that the body increases the level of temperature before sleeping since it struggles to stay awake. The same occurrence is noted when a person has woken up since the temperatures increase forcing the hypothalamus to initiate yawning. People have been arguing that yawning is caused by hunger, slumber, and tiredness among other things. However, this research demonstrates that hunger, slumber, and tiredness are not the causative agents of the yawning behavior. Instead, they increase temperature which causes yawning in order to regulate temperatures. Mimicry of Animals It is, also, evident that a person might yawn when he looks at another person who is yawning in the neighborhood. In fact, the above inv estigation concerning thermoregulation included a video of people who were yawning (Gormley 126). Thess participants were treated to the video enabling researchers to note the frequency of yawning in different conditions. This shows that yawning is triggered when people look at their colleagues who might be yawning. In this light, psychologists argue that human beings exhibit an attribute which enable them to empathize with others and share emotions. When people look at others who are crying, they tend to act in the same way to empathize with them. Therefore, it follows that social animal that includes human beings tend to yawn when others yawn in order to empathize with them. Some researchers argue that human beings yawn even when they see videos and photos of people who are yawning. Further, they suggest that most incidences of yawning are found in highly empathetic people. Moreover, this contagious yawning is observed in animals that are related to human beings as well as the one s that portray social life including chimpanzees and bonobobs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Real Facts of Yawning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This proofs that yawning is a reflection of empathetic characteristic which lies in the mind. Animals that do not have the attribute of empathy are not affected by contagious yawning. It, therefore, means that contagious yawning emanates from the attribute of empathy. Empathy is an attribute that teaches people to create meaning which activates the brain to act in a manner correspondent to stimuli (Zinoviev 176). Conclusion It is evident that yawning is an occurrence that is experienced by human beings, domestic animals, and wild animals among others. It has been noted that people have developed various myths that explain why animal yawn. However, most of these theories are not based on factual evidences that are derived from scientific as well as experimental investig ations. Instead, they are based on conclusions which are made as a result of observing the conditions that are mostly related to yawning. These conditions include slumber, hunger, and tiredness among others (Provine 143). However, it is undisputable that yawning is a thermoregulatory mechanism which helps the brain to maintain optimum temperature in the brain as well as entire body. Lastly, contagious yawning is caused by acts of empathy which are exhibited by social animals including human beings, chimpanzees, and bonobos among other animals. Donhoffer, SzilaÃÅ' rd. Homeothermia of the brain: cerebral blood flow, metabolic rate, and brain temperature in the cold : the possible role of neuroglia. Budapest: AkadeÃÅ' miai KiadoÃÅ' , 1980. Print. Gonzaga, Crescenciano. The yawning gap. Quezon City: New Day Publishers ;, 1991. Print. Gormley, Greg. The yawning game. London: Gullane Childrens Books, 2006. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Provine, Robert R.. Curious behavior: yawning, laughing, hiccupping, and beyond. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2012. Print. Zinoviev, Aleksandr. The yawning heights. New York: Random House, 1979. Print.

What are the health implications of binge drinking for younger people Essay

What are the health implications of binge drinking for younger people aged 15-25 - Essay Example According to the UK Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit evidence, patterns of binge drinking have lead to an increased toll of 22,000 premature deaths costing the country  £20 billion a year; health problems; alcohol related disorders and injuries. Alcohol related illness and injury costs the NHS up to  £1.7 billion annually. The Government’s Strategy Unit research also shows that alcohol related crime, assaults and disorders are incurring a further cost of  £7.3 billion annually (BBC News, online: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3121440.stm). From these facts and figures from the Government’s Strategy Unit, it is apparent that a study on binge drinking is worthwhile. â€Å"The report also points out that up to 40% of mens drinking sessions now technically qualifies as binge drinking as defined by the Governments sensible drinking guidelines. That means men drinking in excess of the equivalent of four pints of beer (three for women) or eight measures of spirits (six for women) often in short periods of time. Over a typical Saturday night out one can see them drinking three or four times the recommended guidelines. The consequences of drinking will differ from individual to individual and many people understand bingeing to mean deliberately drinking to excess. But on the other hand, this evidence suggests that many may be causing themselves potentially serious harm† (Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit, online: http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/strategy/news/press_releases/2003/030919.asp). In this dissertation, the researcher will specifically look into the health implications of this phenomenon for young binge drinkers. As I will become a staff nurse in about eight months, I may come across young adults who have intoxicated themselves with alcohol and may end up in Accident and Emergency or worse on a liver ward as a result of sustained damage to their liver as a result of excessive binge drinking.

Nature of management and new technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nature of management and new technology - Essay Example To begin with, management has to co-create value with customers (Hill & Jones 2009, p. 96). This is because organizations are existing an age whereby consumers possess considerable information about given products and services. Organizations should utilize this awareness to collaborate with customers on the creation of products. In the current set up, organizations can use various tools in communicating with customers. For instance, the e-mail messaging system is helpful in sending information and receiving immediate feedback In addition, the management will consider an open administration framework. Innovation in communication media has given rise to various tools, which can be employed for correspondence (Arthur 2009, P. 56). This allows the enlargement of departments since it is easy to have correspondence among a large group of people. The management has become more visible to employees, as managements can easily utilize communication applications such as WhatsApp groups in communicating information to a large group of individuals simultaneously. It also becomes easy to immediately receive feedback from a corresponding number of people. More essentially, managements will have to form collaborative partnerships with stakeholders in suppliers in achieving

Child Pschology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Child Pschology - Essay Example However, for the ethics to be considered there are several dimensions that need to be considered. Each of these are based on the types of interactions which occur, ethical considerations associated with this and the unique situations that are associated with children in a given environment. Ethical Issues of Researchers The problems that arise with researchers are based on ethical considerations which occur as individuals are collecting data within a given field. As the data is collected, it becomes easy to change the perspectives of those that are studying while allowing the impact to alter with the study that is done. This raises ethical concerns for several reasons. The first is based on the impact that occurs when a researcher is on the scene. This can change the scenario of what is occurring. If the data is being collected by observation or interaction, then it may not be consistent with the expected results of those that are in the scene regularly. The ethical question then is concerned with how much a researcher can affect the outcomes of a given study and what the participation leads to. Personal changes, building relationships with others and interacting with the expectation to change things for the better while changing the data and the outcome of the research which is involved (Dennis, 2009, pg. 131). The concept of intervention as an ethical issue is one which can alter the data being collected on a variety of levels. This is dependent on the type of study conducted as well as the level of influence which occurs. The first is with interpersonal interventions, which is inclusive of creating relationships with other individuals involved in the study, specifically which is done with any interactions for the study and which is easily done with the study over a longer period of time. Administrative interventions are also considered, specifically which relates to individuals who have a sense of power over a given institution and which can begin to change or change the data within a given study. Enactment and modeling are also considered, both which are dependent on action based participation in the environment, all which specifically can lead to changed results within the environment. This may change the general way in which individuals would interact, may change the results of the study and questions the intention of finding relevant data without trying to alter the data for the research study (Dennis, 2009, pg. 132). The interventions which occur in research are not only important to note from the general changes which occur, but also the extent to which these can alter. When working with a general population, there may be the same responses which occur while changing only a few responses. However, when working with vulnerable populations or when seeking out answers or change with interpersonal relationships, it changes the data which is collected. There is a difference which occurs among the intervention types, specifically which can alter the data. If the population remains more vulnerable, then the integration of data can easily be manipulated with the researcher going in to make changes within a given society, as opposed to collecting the necessary data (Fisher, 1993, pg. 17). Ethical Issues with Children and Youth When a

Social Media Is A Growing Phenomenon Media Essay

Social Media Is A Growing Phenomenon Media Essay Social media is a growing phenomenon in our present information age. For many persons, particularly the youth, social media and other newmedia tools provide the platform to create, disseminate and share information among groups and in other cases consolidate existing connections (Lind Zmud, 1995; cited in Haythornthwaite, 2002). The power and influences of the social media phenomenon in shaping our world today cannot be overlooked. Its impact is witnessed as a coordinating tool for a significant number of the worlds political movements. The angry protests that pushed the removal of Philippine President Joseph Estrada (Shirky, 2011; Safranek, 2012) and the political revolutions that took place in the Middle East commonly referred to as the Arab Spring are but some examples of the potency of the social media in empowering citizens and projecting their will. Again in political campaigning, social media is credited to have contributed significantly to the electoral success of then candid ate Barak Obama as his adoption of the technology facilitated his reach to and garnering support from many young voters, and also support his fundraising during the 2008 American presidential elections (YouTube and the 2008 Election Cycle in the United States, 2009; Haley, 2011/12). In Ghana, a number of the presidential and parliamentary candidates for the 2012 elections have created presence on the various social media platforms targeting their campaign messages at the different social groups found on these platforms. Advertisers, marketers as well as other businesses and brands in Ghana are gradually adopting social media to facilitate interactions between themselves and the audiences they seek to reach. The trend in this means of communication is not much different from what is happening globally. The social media fad is believed to have enhanced cultural exchanges (Grincheva, 2012), created, maintained and deepened social ties in a significant number of social settings (Haythornthwaite, 2002). For quite a number of people, it is almost impossible to exist in our present world and not be affected by the social media phenomenon. It has become part of our new world which is driven extensively by information and communication. The importance of civic engagements in democratic dispensations cannot be over emphasised. Various works suggest less civic engagements in many western nations (Banaji Buckingham, 2010). These works imply decreases, especially among Americas young generation, in social and political happenings such as volunteering for community activities and voting to elect political officials. They conclude that such apathy towards civic engagements poses a threat to the countrys democracy. Civic conversation or discourse is a useful measure of civic engagements. Good civic discourse,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦enriches the set of ideals and choices by which citizens govern themselves (Institute for Civic Discourse and Democracy, 2006). Thus in a time where Information and Communication Technology tools are facilitating efficient communication and have become an attraction for many, noticeably the youth, understanding its adoption for the promotion of civic discourses in Ghana cannot be overlooked. Background The social media application runs on the foot of the internet technology. The internet in our world today directs the manner in which efficient means of communication is carried from place to place, person to person and culture to culture. There are expectations that the internet will become ubiquitous (Rao, 2012). Researchers and scholars have divergent opinions of the impacts of the internet and new media technology on our world today. Their opinions are expressed broadly in utopian and dystopian perspectives and cover all aspects of life of which the technology is experienced. The utopians appreciate the Internet as a potentially enormous tool for good. The positive possibilities from the Internet include supporting the practice of democracy, human interactions, concerted political action, education, etc. On the other hand the dystopians, the cyberpunks and the alarmists, see danger in every digital project to the extent of its cause to an ultimate loss of our humanity. The many t exts messages, Facebook comments or tweets that pour into radio and television programmes each day according to Utopians proponents are indicative of the internet empowering ordinary citizens to participate and have their voices heard in the discourses on issues that affect their lives in the communities they live in. However, when stories such as the murder of a 25 year old girl by friends she had met on Facebook make the news (Adeboye Ayodeji , 2012),dystopian proponents have cause to warn of the dangers of the internet technology. (Bell, 2001) Understanding the internet and all its associated technology and applications requires an understanding of the dimensions under which the internet can be studied. Bell explains three ways to understanding the internet or its synonym cyberspace: the material, symbolic and experiential. Bell cites Stanley Aronowitz (1996) as providing the terms ontology, phenomenology and pragmatics as other synonyms to discuss ways of thinking about the internet technology. Material stories of the internet technology provide a historical understanding of how the technology came to exist and the transformations it has undergone. Thus the advent of the ARPAnet-a network of geographically separated computers that could exchange information between military installations (Bellis, 2012) is an example material understanding of the internet technology. Symbolic stories of the internet or cyberspace give literary and generic accounts most notably in cyberpunk but also in science fiction and other speculative fiction (Whittaker, 2004). Bell, citing Jordan (1999), provides an explanation to symbolic stories of cyberspace as the ways in which the realm of cyberspace is depicted in films and fiction, e.g. Robocop, Matrix. Robocop treats symbolic representations of the bad cop and the good cop (Newitz, 1997), scenarios which are on-going debates in our material world. Experiential stories, according to Bell, relate to the intersections of the material and symbolic stories of cyberspace in our everyday life. Our daily interactions with the internet technology provide foundations for understanding the internet and its associated new media technologies. Experiential examples of the new media are evident in its ability to allow people: to more easily work from their homes, to form and sustain friendships and romantic attachments, to bank from their homes, to vote and engage in political and social-issue-based discussions and civic discourse, may empower shy people who find it difficult to participate in communication to share their views on issues. A dystopian view sees the advent of theft of personal information, considerable reduction in physical contact and face-to-face communication, virus threats to data and information storage as well as a lack of productivity in work. Broadly, the discussions on the study will be situated more in experiential understandings of cyberspace. New media and social media New media tools, internet based technologies and applications, provide platforms for social media tools to be used for all manner of conversations including civic discourses (Simon, 2007, pp. 258-259). The new media technology is quickly changing the communication and media industry with its study detailing how digital (computer) technology is applied to mass communications (Hoggatt, 1999). Pointedly the new media technology has not completely dislocated the significance of traditional media channels but thus created a convergence making its impact on society, commerce, and governance phenomenal. The Internet, satellite and cable data transmission, computer assisted mediations and research, multimedia publishing, mobile and phone interactions, and word processing are but examples of new media technology. New media technology has become revolutionary in its ability to handle behind the scenes work and become  the finished product (Hoggatt, 1999). Its ability to break down the obstructions of time and space, change the balance of power in equitable opportunities to communicate in the mass media are recorded contributions to the operations of contemporary societies (Nag, 2011; Hoggatt, 1999). A component of the new media technology is social media which is often erroneously used synonymously to represent new media. Social media refers to online technologies and practices that are used to share opinions and information, promote discussion and build relationships (Crown Copyright, 2009). The application shares the features of Participation, Openness, Conversation, Community, and Connectedness (iCrossing, 2008). According to iCrossing, social media can presently be found in the following basic forms: Social Networks:sites which allow people to build personal web pages and then connect with friends to share content and communication. Facebook, Myspace, bebo and Academia.edu are examples of social networks. Blogs: online journals with entries appearing with the most recent first. Wikis: websites which allow people to add content to or edit the information on them, acting as a communal document or database. The best-known wiki is wikipedia Podcasts: audio and video files that are available by subscription, through services like apple itunes. Forums: areas for online discussion, often around specific topics and interests. Forums came about before the term social media and are a powerful and popular element of online communities. Content Communities: organise and share particular kinds of content. The most popular content communities tend to form around photos (flickr), bookmarked links (del.icio.us) and videos (YouTube). Micro blogging: social networking combined with bite-sized blogging, where small amounts of content (updates) are distributed online and through the mobile phone network. Twitter the clear leader in this field.  [1]   Social media and New media in Ghana With about a 10% gain from 5% in internet penetration (Daily Graphic, 2012)Ghana is not likely to be isolated or insulated from global trends in internet and new media use, especially those associated with the social media. Universally, Facebook is noted as the most popular social media platform (eBizMBA, 2012), and is most recognized in Ghana as well. Currently, there are nearly 2 million Facebook users in Ghana ranking the country at number 69in global ranking of Facebook statistics (Socialbakers, 2012). Socialbakers statistics for October 2012 illustrates that Facebook penetration in Ghanais6.77%compared to the countrys population and 126.98%in relation to number of Internet users. The total number of Facebook users in Ghana is reaching 1,646,920 and grew by more than 435,160 in the last 6 months. About 41% of Ghanas Facebook user population is between 18 and 24 years, an age group that can be found typically beginning university education or exiting into the professional world. Chart (Socialbakers, Ghana Facebook Statistics, 2012) Figure : Ghanas Facebook user age distributions as at July 2012 http://api.socialbakers.com/charts/countries/users.html?country=ghanainterval=last-monthstate=0 (Socialbakers, Users Demography for the Ghana, 2012) Figure : Growth pattern of Facebook users in Ghana as at October 2012 YouTube, twitter and LinkedIn are also popular among Ghanaians. Though their popularity is high among the youth and IT savvy persons, statistics on these social media applications are rather low or unavailable. Statistics for twitter presented by Socialbakers present individual followership rather than an assessment on national. No Ghanaian profile or account is listed in the top 200 global accounts. The same applies with YouTube and LinkedIn. Ghana was one of the first African countries to get connected to the Internet between 1989 and 1990. However, the extent of use of the new media technology generally among Ghanaians is limited (Sey, 2011). This is a result of the underdevelopment of existing telecommunications infrastructure, though in recent times significant investments have been in developing them. The investments have been supported by a national communications policy which highlights the Government of Ghanas commitment to accelerating the socio-economic development process of the country through ICT (Republic of Ghana, 2003, p. 14; cited in Sey 2011). In the wake of this policy, there has been considerable improvements in internet connectivity which begun in the early 1990s with the slow bandwidth dial up access to the now high speed broadband connectivity. Mobile phone telephony is not only big on the African Continent but equally the predominate mode of telecommunications in Ghana. This is attributable to the generally poor development of the fixed line infrastructure in the country. As at the year 2007 just over one fixed line existed per 100 inhabitants (Sey, 2011). Ghanas National Communications Authority announced a mobile telephony penetration rate of about 88.6% as at January 2012 with the leading service provider recording over 10 million subscriptions (Myjoyonline, 2012 ). New media uses of in Ghana Several accounts have been given for the varied uses of the new media technology in Ghana. The technology is appropriated to businesses and community development. For some Ghanaians the Internet serves as an escape mechanism to connect with the Western world as a poverty reduction strategy (Sey, 2011 citing Slater Kwami, 2005). The Internet provides a means to connect with people in developed countries who are seen as prospective sources of financial aid for their migration out of Ghana. Those with no intent to physically leave the country enjoy Western life, indirectly, through foreign content online available via new media tools. Other uses of the new media include sending e-mails, finding and communicating with pen pals, applying to schools abroad, watching movies, listening to music, and playing games (Alhassan, 2004; Burrell, 2009; Daily Graphic, 2003; Slater Kwami, 2005; Cited in Sey 2011). Political parties have also embraced the new media technology and are using social med ia particularly to grasp the attention of young people. A Communication official of the New Patriotic Party says the party adopts a writing style suitable for the social media in its messaging as the technology creates a better communication channel between the party and voters. The National Democratic Congress says the interactive nature of social media facilitates incorporating feedback from voters into the partys decision making processes (Boakyewaa Pokua, 2011). Amongst Students of the University of Ghana, the most popular social media tool is Facebook (Oduro, 2011). Oduro says Facebook uses are varied; including meeting new friends, sharing information on academic work, and updating family and friends with what is happening in ones life. With mobile telephony, Ghanaians surf the internet, store music, receive SMS alerts on international and sports news, send funds, chat via instant messaging services like Whats App or BBM, and even watch mobile TV. Some political parties are raising funds for their political activities through the use of SMS systems (Amega-Selorm, n.d). As the 2012 Presidential and Parliamentary elections draw close, civil election monitoring is being promoted via mobile telephony. The African Elections Project is enabling mobile phone users to be part of the election reporting and monitoring (GNA, 2012). Civic discourse and principles of civic discourse Making reference to the Hurricane Katrina which devastated the Gulf Coast of the United States of America, the Institute for Civic Discourse and Democracy (2006; pp1) suggests that civic discourses may have the potential to help mitigate the impact of crisis and also help prepare for the next. According to the ICDD, energies spent on media discussions following the disaster which focused on blames and accusations could have been used to discuss how victims of the disaster could be helped. The ICDD suggests that focusing on what mattered rather than blame games could have helped address human need during the crisis or its immediate aftermath. Civic discourse is purposeful communication carried out among citizens dedicated to sharing perspectives and constructing possible actions on issues that matter (ICDD 2006). Effective civic discourse ought to establish principles of inclusiveness, reflection, reciprocity, rationality, recognition of difference, and moderation. Thus the following are identified as Good Principles of Civic Discourse: Provide framework for dialogue (establish ground rules; framework should recognize any cultural differences) Provide all with voice (create safe rhetorical space; manage inequalities of access and power) Focus on issues. Invite/encourage a variety of perspectives (inclusiveness) Value evidence variety testimony, statistical evidence, narrative story telling Seek common ground and consensus when possible Avoid personal attacks Resist relying on ideological sloganeering Seek to understand rather than to persuade Problem statement Studies suggest citizens disconnections from civic life in our present information society (Banaji Buckingham, 2010). These are noticeable among younger generations in Western democracies (Putnam, n.d.). The United States, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom have all recorded younger peoples withdrawal in participating in conventional politics and government (Bennett, 2008, p. 1)which constitute civic activities, in alarming numbers. Americans in the last three decades of the 20th century has witnessed much less engagements in terms of political participation, charitable contributions, involvement in community organizations, and even participation in social activities with some of these trends obvious among college students (Sander Putnam, 2010; Putnam, n.d.). Despite a withdrawal from offline civic life, studies suggest interests in online civic engagements. Online engagement sites facilitate offline activities permitting the youth to access information about issues that affec t them as well as create and maintain connections with their peers for feedback. Ghana is not insulated from the phenomenon of civic recession. A district director of the National Commission for Civic Education (NCCE) in an online publication revealed the decline in civic engagements attributing it to polarised political discourses often at the grassroots (GNA, 2012). The long historic periods of military authoritarian government has probable contribution to Ghanas civic recession. These were periods characterised by a stifled atmosphere for free civic discussions without fear of arrest and or detention. However, the new democratic dispensation gives opportunity for civic participation in social and political discourses mainly through traditional media. The younger generation of Ghanaians, a good of whom maybe enrolled in the universities, increasingly seek to master the use of the internet and new media technologies including social media to express themselves, explore their identi ties, and connect with peers the opportunity to utilise social media to promote civic discourses amongst their social networks is not readily known. The study thus seeks to ascertain the use of social media for civic discourses amongst students of the University of Ghana and will speak to the questions: Are students of the University of Ghana engaged in civic discourses? Are the discourses extended to or carried via the social media? Are there any benefits of engaging in civic discourse via the social media? Are the civic interactions on the social media platform guided by principles of civic discourses? Purpose This study looks to identify and assess civic discourses of students of the University of Ghana as carried via the social media site. Traditional media following their innovations have provided channels for civic discourses. Professional journalism may account for education on what is civically and politically relevant (Akilah, 2012). Thus the publication of journals, articles, letters and the broadcast of views from varied perspectives provide opportunities for all manner of citizens to engage and be engaged on issues that affect them and the communities they find themselves in generally. However, Robert Putnams description of a generation of Americans cut off from traditional forms of community life and civic engagement and have become passive consumers of mass media (Theater, 2007) suggest that the traditional media may have lost its lead in facilitating civic engagement amongst American citizens. Until recently, the print and broadcast media were restricted in their ability to provide all the characteristics of openness, participation, conversation, connectedness and community at the same time as the social media provides. With about seven (7) billion of the worlds population online or accessing the internet through its varied sources (Internet World Stats, 2012), the broadcast media particularly incorporates social media tools in programming to encourage contributions from its audiences. The print media has also adopted a presence on the internet and incorporated social media characteristics in order to maintain relevance in our increasingly sophisticated world. Objectives The study objectives are: to evaluate whether civic discourses take place among students of the university of Ghana. to identify the forms of such civic discourses students of the university of Ghana are engaged in. to ascertain whether such discourses conform to the principles for civic discourses. Significance of the study There is a gap in literature detailing or explaining civic interactions among Ghanaian students particularly those in tertiary institutions. With the advent of the phenomenal social media, many a youth who are mostly likely to be in tertiary education are engaged in various activities on social media. This study will thus provide data and contribute to filling the gap on social media uses for civic discourse interactions among students of the University of Ghana and make recommendations on the possibility of nurturing a generation of elites who adopt technology to further discourses that affect how they are governed and their society at large. Findings from the study can help in selecting and developing alternate communication channels for the promotion of civic discourse in Ghana and among an increasing youthful population enchanted by the new media and its varied applications. Structure of the thesis The design, procedure and findings of the study are presented in seven (7) separate chapters. In each chapter an introduction of the chapter details is presented. The first chapter sets the context of the study by introducing the place of social media in our world today. It further presents patterns of understanding the internet technology on which the social media application is delivered. An overview of new media technologies is also presented situating the nature of use in the Ghanaian context. The aim of the study, research questions and significance are all placed in this chapter. Chapter Two (2) presents the theoretical framework for the study. Three theories underpin this study: a) Democratic theories would be discussed, b) Discourse Theory and c) Deliberation Technology Theory. Chapter Three (3) presents a review of some scholarly works conducted around the use of online technologies and tools for civic or citizen conversations and participations in decision making processes. Chapter Four (4) details the methodology used for the study. A detail of the design, data gathering procedure and analysis of the data are explained. The Chapter Five (5) presents findings from the study from which interpretations and discussions are provided in Chapter Six (6). The final Chapter Seven (7) concludes with summarises of the results, limitations of the study and recommendations for further studies in the subject area. A list of sourced work is presented in the appendices section. The section also includes data gathering tools used for the study.

Yamamoto :: essays research papers

Yamamoto, the man who planned Pearl Harbor increased my knowledge about the people of Japan because it introduced me to their culture, and the life and times in Japan before World War II. In Japan, the family is the basic unit of society. For example, if a Japanese has the unfortunate occurrence of producing only daughters, they will insist that one of their daughters husbands changes his last name to keep their daughter's last name alive. It was, also, not unusual for people to change their last names. Isoroku Tankano was born in 1884. In 1916, he changed his last name to Yamamoto, because the name Yamamoto was an honorable and ancient one in the history of Japan. One such figure was Tatekawa Yamamoto, who fought against the Emperor, and his forces at the Battle of Watkamatsu, during the Bosshin War. Since he was one of the leaders of the rebellion, when he was captured, he was beheaded at Watkamatsu. Since Tatekawa had no sons, Isoroku was also the future of the Yamamoto clan. Not uncommon in Japan was the fact that men got married for the purpose of producing sons to keep the family name alive. This is exactly what Isoroku did. In 1918, he got married to Reiko, who, ironically, was from Watkamatsu. They had 4 children together, 2 sons, and 2 daughters. It was the standard Japanese family, the mother in charge of the household and of raising the children. He never really loved her, because he had many extramarital affairs, and 2 of the women he "loved". The life and times in Japan right before World War 2 are simply explained: The Imperialist Japanese Army, otherwise known as the "young Turks" was steadily gaining power in the government, was assassinating anyone who did not share in their views for a united Asia (Yamamoto received many death threats, because he wanted to avoid war with the U.S.A. or with Great Britain at all costs), and was using propaganda to convince the Japanese to believe in a united Asia. The Emperor could not stop what was going on in his country because Emperors stayed out of the daily life of his people. 	 When I say that the government is to unstable, I mean that it is too susceptible to being taken over by an army. For example, in the 1930's, the Imperialist Japanese Army was using their influence over the Minister of War to take over Manchuria, and eventually the Japanese government, and they were using assassination as the chief method of wiping out any political opposition.

Bag of Bones CHAPTER SEVEN

The little girl actually she wasn't much more than a baby-came walking up the middle of Route 68, dressed in a red bathing suit, yellow plastic flip-flops, and a Boston Red Sox baseball cap turned around backward. I had just driven past the Lakeview General Store and Dickie Brooks's All-Purpose Garage, and the speed limit there drops from fifty-five to thirty-five. Thank God I was obeying it that day, otherwise I might have killed her. It was my first day back. I'd gotten up late and spent most of the morning walking in the woods which run along the lakeshore, seeing what was the same and what had changed. The water looked a little lower and there were fewer boats than I would have expected, especially on summer's biggest holiday, but otherwise I might never have been away. I even seemed to be slapping at the same bugs. Around eleven my stomach alerted me to the fact that I'd skipped breakfast. I decided a trip to the Village Cafe was in order. The restaurant at Warrington's was trendier by far, but I'd be stared at there. The Village Cafe would be better if it was still doing business. Buddy Jellison was an ill-tempered fuck, but he had always been the best fry-cook in western Maine and what my stomach wanted was a big greasy Villageburger. Now this little girl, walking straight up the white line and looking like a majorette leading an invisible parade. At thirty-five miles per hour I saw her in plenty of time, but this road was busy in the summer, and very few people bothered creeping through the reduced-speed zone. There were only a dozen Castle County police cruisers, after all, and not many of them bothered with the TR unless they were specifically called there. I pulled over to the shoulder, put the Chevy in PARK, and was out before the dust had even begun to settle. The day was muggy and close and still, the clouds seeming low enough to touch. The kid a little blondie with a snub nose and scabbed knees stood on the white line as if it were a tightrope and watched me approach with no more fear than a fawn. ‘Hi,' she said. ‘I go beach. Mummy ‘on't take me and I'm mad as hell.' She stamped her foot to show she knew as well as anybody what mad as hell was all about. Three or four was my guess. Well-spoken in her fashion and cute as hell, but still no more than three or four. ‘Well, the beach is a good place to go on the Fourth, all right,' I said, ‘but ‘ ‘Fourth of July and fireworks too,' she agreed, making ‘too' sound exotic and sweet, like a word in Vietnamese. ‘ but if you try to walk there on the highway, you're more apt to wind up in Castle Rock Hospital.' I decided I wasn't going to stand there playing Mister Rogers with her in the middle of Route 68, not with a curve only fifty yards to the south and a car apt to come wheeling around it at sixty miles an hour at any time. I could hear a motor, actually, and it was revving hard. I picked the kid up and carried her over to where my car was idling, and although she seemed perfectly content to be carried and not frightened a bit, I felt like Chester the Molester the second I had my arm locked under her bottom. I was very aware that anyone sitting around in the combined office and waiting room of Brooksie's Garage could look out and see me. This is one of the strange midlife realities of my generation: we can't touch a child who isn't our own without fearing others will see something lecherous in our touching . . . or without thinking, way down deep in the sewers of our psyches, that there probably is something lecherous in it. I got her out of the road, though. I did that much. Let the Marching Mothers of Western Maine come after me and do their worst. ‘You take me beach?' the little girl asked. She was bright-eyed, smiling. I figured that she'd probably be pregnant by the time she was twelve, especially given the cool way she was wearing her baseball cap. ‘Got your suitie?' ‘Actually I think I left my suitie at home. Don't you hate that? Honey, where's your mom?' As if in direct answer to my question, the car I'd heard came busting out of a road on the near side of the curve. It was a Jeep Scout with mud splashed high up on both sides. The motor was growling like something up a tree and pissed off about it. A woman's head was poked out the side window. Little curie's mom must have been too scared to sit down; she was driving in a mad crouch, and if a car had been coming around that particular curve in Route 68 when she pulled out, my friend in the red bathing suit would likely have become an orphan on the spot. The Scout fishtailed, the head dropped back down inside the cab, and there was a grinding as the driver upshifted, trying to take her old heap from zero to sixty in maybe nine seconds. If pure terror could have done the job, I'm sure she would have succeeded. ‘That's Mattie,' the girl in the bathing suit said. ‘I'm mad at her. I'm running away to have a Fourth at the beach. If she's mad I go to my white nana.' I had no idea what she was talking about, but it did cross my mind that Miss Bosox of 1998 could have her Fourth at the beach; I would settle for a fifth of something whole-grain at home. Meanwhile, I was waving the arm not under the kid's butt back and forth over my head, and hard enough to blow around wisps of the girl's fine blonde hair. ‘Hey!' I shouted. ‘Hey, lady! I got her!' The Scout sped by, still accelerating and still sounding pissed off about it. The exhaust was blowing clouds of blue smoke. There was a further hideous grinding from the Scout's old transmission. It was like some crazy version of Let's Make a Deal.' ‘Mattie, you've succeeded in getting into second gear would you like to quit and take the Maytag washer, or do you want to try for third?' I did the only thing I could think of, which was to step out onto the road, turn toward the Jeep, which was now speeding away from me (the smell of the oil was thick and acrid), and hold the kid up high over my head, hoping Mattie would see us in her rearview mirror. I no longer felt like Chester the Molester; now I felt like a cruel auctioneer in a Disney cartoon, offering the cutest li'l piglet in the litter to the highest bidder. It worked, though. The Scout's mudcaked taillights came on and there was a demonic howling as the badly used brakes locked. Right in front of Brooksie's, this was. If there were any old-timers in for a good Fourth of July gossip, they would now have plenty to gossip about. I thought they would especially enjoy the part where Mom screamed at me to unhand her baby. When you return to your summer home after a long absence, it's always nice to get off on the right foot. The backup lights flared and the Jeep began reversing down the road at a good twenty miles an hour. Now the transmission sounded not pissed off but panicky please, it was saying, please stop, you're killing me. The Scout's rear end wagged from side to side like the tail of a happy dog. I watched it coming at me, hypnotized now in the northbound lane, now across the white line and into the southbound lane, now overcorrecting so that the left-hand tires spumed dust off the shoulder. ‘Mattie go fast,' my new girlfriend said in a conversational, isn't-this-interesting voice. She had one arm slung around my neck; we were chums, by God. But what the kid said woke me up. Mattie go fast, all right, too fast. Mattie would, more likely than not, clean out the rear end of my Chevrolet. And if I just stood here, Baby Snooks and I were apt to end up as toothpaste between the two vehicles. I backed the length of my car, keeping my eyes fixed on the Jeep and yelling, ‘Slow down, Mattie! Slow down!' Cutie-pie liked that. ‘S'yo down!' she yelled, starting to laugh. ‘S'yo down, you old Mattie, s'yo down!' The brakes screamed in fresh agony. The Jeep took one last walloping, unhappy jerk backward as Mattie stopped without benefit of the clutch. That final lunge took the Scout's rear bumper so close to the rear bumper of my Chevy that you could have bridged the gap with a cigarette. The smell of oil in the air was huge and furry. The kid was waving a hand in front of her face and coughing theatrically. The driver's door flew open; Mattie Devore flew out like a circus acrobat shot from a cannon, if you can imagine a circus acrobat dressed in old paisley shorts and a cotton smock top. My first thought was that the little girl's big sister had been babysitting her, that Mattie and Mummy were two different people. I knew that little kids often spend a period of their development calling their parents by their first names, but this pale-cheeked blonde girl looked all of twelve, fourteen at the outside. I decided her mad handling of the Scout hadn't been terror for her child (or not just terror) but total automotive inexperience. There was something else, too, okay? Another assumption that I made. The muddy four-wheel-drive, the baggy paisley shorts, the smock that all but screamed Kmart, the long yellow hair held back with those little red elastics, and most of all the inattention that allows the three-year-old in your care to go wandering off in the first place . . . all those things said trailer-trash to me. I know how that sounds, but I had some basis for it. Also, I'm Irish, goddammit. My ancestors were trailer-trash when the trailers were still horse-drawn caravans. ‘Stinky-phew!' the little girl said, still waving a pudgy hand at the air in front of her face. ‘Scoutie stink!' Where Scoutie's bathing suitie? I thought, and then my new girlfriend was snatched out of my arms. Now that she was closer, my idea that Mattie was the bathing beauty's sister took a hit. Mattie wouldn't be middle-aged until well into the next century, but she wasn't twelve or fourteen, either. I now guessed twenty, maybe a year younger. When she snatched the baby away, I saw the wedding ring on her left hand. I also saw the dark circles under her eyes, gray skin dusting to purple. She was young, but I thought it was a mother's terror and exhaustion I was looking at. I expected her to swat the tot, because that's how trailer-trash moms react to being tired and scared. When she did, I would stop her, one way or another distract her into turning her anger on me, if that was what it took. There was nothing very noble in this, I should add; all I really wanted to do was to postpone the fanny-whacking, shoulder-shaking, and in-your-face shouting to a time and place where I wouldn't have to watch it. It was my first day back in town; I didn't want to spend any of it watching an inattentive slut abuse her child. Instead of shaking her and shouting ‘Where did you think you were going, you little bitch?' Mattie first hugged the child (who hugged back enthusiastically, showing absolutely no sign of fear) and then covered her face with kisses. ‘Why did you do that?' she cried. ‘What was in your head? When I couldn't find you, I died.' Mattie burst into tears. The child in the bathing suit looked at her with an expression of surprise so big and complete it would have been comical under other circumstances. Then her own face crumpled up. I stood back, watched them crying and hugging, and felt ashamed of my preconceptions. A car went by and slowed down. An elderly couple Ma and Pa Kettle on their way to the store for that holiday box of Grape-Nuts gawked out. I gave them an impatient wave with both hands, the kind that says what are you staring at, go on, put an egg in your shoe and beat it. They sped up, but I didn't see an out-of-state license plate, as I'd hoped I might. This version of Ma and Pa were locals, and the story would be fleeting its rounds soon enough: Mattie the teenage bride and her little bundle of joy (said bundle undoubtedly conceived in the back seat of a car or the bed of a pickup truck some months before the legitimizing ceremony), bawling their eyes out at the side of the road. With a stranger. No, not exactly a stranger. Mike Noonan, the writer fella from upstate. ‘I wanted to go to the beach and suh-suh-swim!' the little girl wept, and now it was ‘swim' that sounded exotic the Vietnamese word for ‘ecstasy,' perhaps. ‘I said I'd take you this afternoon.' Mattie was still sniffing, but getting herself under control. ‘Don't do that again, little guy, please don't you ever do that again, Mommy was so scared.' ‘I won't,' the kid said ‘I really won't.' Still crying, she hugged the older girl tight, laying her head against the side of Mattie's neck. Her baseball cap fell off. I picked it up, beginning to feel very much like an outsider here. I poked the blue-and-red cap at Mattie's hand until her fingers closed on it. I decided I also felt pretty good about the way things had turned out, and maybe I had a right to. I've presented the incident as if it was amusing, and it was, but it was the sort of amusing you never see until later. When it was happening, it was terrifying. Suppose there had been a truck coming from the other direction? Coming around that curve, and coming too fast? A vehicle did come around it, a pickup of the type no tourist ever drives. Two more locals gawked their way by. ‘Ma'am?' I said. ‘Mattie? I think I'd better get going. Glad your little girl is all right.' The minute it was out, I felt an almost irresistible urge to laugh. I could picture me drawling this speech to Mattie (a name that belonged in a movie like Unforgiven or True Grit if any name ever did) with my thumbs hooked into the belt of my chaps and my Stetson pushed back to reveal my noble brow. I felt an insane urge to add, ‘You're right purty, ma'am, ain't you the new schoolteacher?' She turned to me and I saw that she was right purty. Even with circles under her eyes and her blonde hair sticking off in gobs to either side of her head. And I thought she was doing okay for a girl probably not yet old enough to buy a drink in a bar. At least she hadn't belted the baby. ‘Thank you so much,' she said. ‘Was she right in the road?' Say she wasn't, her eyes begged. At least say she was walking along the shoulder. ‘Well ‘ ‘I walked on the line,' the girl said, pointing. ‘It's like the cross-mock.' Her voice took on a faintly righteous tone. ‘Crossmock is safe.' Mattie's cheeks, already white, turned whiter. I didn't like seeing her that way, and didn't like to think of her driving home that way, especially with a kid. ‘Where do you live, Mrs. ?' ‘Devore,' she said. ‘I'm Mattie Devore.' She shifted the child and put out her hand. I shook it. The morning was warm, and it was going to be hot by mid-afternoon beach weather for sure but the fingers I touched were icy. ‘We live just there.' She pointed to the intersection the Scout had shot out of, and I could see surprise, surprise a doublewide trailer set off in a grove of pines about two hundred feet up the little feeder road. Wasp Hill Road, I recalled. It ran about half a mile from Route 68 to the water what was known as the Middle Bay. Ah yes, doc, it's all coming back to me now. I'm once more riding the Dark Score range. Saving little kids is my specialty. Still, I was relieved to see that she lived close by less than a quarter of a mile from the place where our respective vehicles were parked with their tails almost touching and when I thought about it, it stood to reason. A child as young as the bathing beauty couldn't have walked far . . . although this one had already demonstrated a fair degree of determination. I thought Mother's haggard look was even more suggestive of the daughter's will. I was glad I was too old to be one of her future boyfriends; she would have them jumping through hoops all through high school and college. Hoops of fire, likely. Well, the high-school part, anyway. Girls from the doublewide side of town did not, as a general rule, go to college unless there was a juco or a voke-tech handy. And she would only have them jumping until the right boy (or more likely the wrong one) came sweeping around the Great Curve of Life and ran her down in the highway, her all the while unaware that the white line and the crossmock were two different things. Then the whole cycle would repeat itself. Christ almighty, Noonan, quit it, I told myself. She's three years old and you've already got her with three kids of her own, two with ringworm and one retarded. ‘Thank you so much,' Mattie repeated. ‘That's okay,' I said, and snubbed the little girl's nose. Although her cheeks were still wet with tears, she grinned at me sunnily enough in response. ‘This is a very verbal little girl.' ‘Very verbal, and very willful.' Now Mattie did give her child a little shake, but the kid showed no fear, no sign that shaking or hitting was the order of most days. On the contrary, her smile widened. Her mother smiled back. And yes once you got past the slopped-together look of her, she was most extraordinarily pretty. Put her in a tennis dress at the Castle Rock Country Club (where she'd likely never go in her life, except maybe as a maid or a waitress), and she would maybe be more than pretty. A young Grace Kelly, perhaps. Then she looked back at me, her eyes very wide and grave. ‘Mr. Noonan, I'm not a bad mother,' she said. I felt a start at my name coming from her mouth, but it was only momentary. She was the right age, after all, and my books were probably better for her than spending her afternoons in front of General Hospital and One Life to Live. A little, anyway. ‘We had an argument about when we were going to the beach. I wanted to hang out the clothes, have lunch, and go this afternoon. Kyra wanted ‘ She broke off. ‘What? What did I say?' ‘Her name is Kia? Did ‘ Before I could say anything else, the most extraordinary thing happened: my mouth was full of water. So full I felt a moment's panic, like someone who is swimming in the ocean and swallows a wave-wash. Only this wasn't a salt taste; it was cold and fresh, with a faint metal tang like blood. I turned my head aside and spat. I expected a gush of liquid to pour out of my mouth the sort of gush you sometimes get when commencing artificial respiration on a near-drowning victim. What came out instead was what usually comes out when you spit on a hot day: a little white pellet. And that sensation was gone even before the little white pellet struck the dirt of the shoulder. In an instant, as if it had never been there. ‘That man spirted,' the girl said matter-of-factly. ‘Sorry,' I said. I was also bewildered. What in God's name had that been about? ‘I guess I had a little delayed reaction.' Mattie looked concerned, as though I were eighty instead of forty. I thought that maybe to a girl her age, forty is eighty. ‘Do you want to come up to the house? I'll give you a glass of water.' ‘No, I'm fine now.' ‘All right. Mr. Noonan . . . all I mean is that nothing like this has ever happened to me before. I was hanging sheets . . . she was inside watching a Mighty Mouse cartoon on the VCR . . . then, when I went in to get more pins . . . ‘ She looked at the girl, who was no longer smiling. It was starting to get through to her now. Her eyes were big, and ready to fill with tears. ‘She was gone. I thought for a minute I'd die of fear.' Now the kid's mouth began to tremble, and her eyes filled up right on schedule. She began to weep. Mattie stroked her hair, soothing the small head until it lay against the Kmart smock top. ‘That's all right, Ki,' she said. ‘It turned out okay this time, but you can't go out in the road. It's dangerous. Little things get run over in the road, and you're a little thing. The most precious little thing in the world.' She cried harder. It was the exhausted sound of a child who needed a nap before any more adventures, to the beach or anywhere else. ‘Kia bad, Kia bad,' she sobbed against her mother's neck. ‘No, honey, only three,' Mattie said, and if I had harbored any further thoughts about her being a bad mother, they melted away then. Or perhaps they'd already gone after all, the kid was round, comely, well-kept, and unbruised. On one level, those things registered. On another I was trying to cope with the strange thing that had just happened, and the equally strange thing I thought I was hearing that the little girl I had carried off the white line had the name we had planned to give our child, if our child turned out to be a girl. ‘Kia,' I said. Marvelled, really. As if my touch might break her, I tentatively stroked the back of her head. Her hair was sun-warm and fine. ‘No,' Mattie said. ‘That's the best she can say it now. Kyra, not Kia. It's from the Greek. It means ladylike.' She shifted, a little self-conscious. ‘I picked it out of a baby-name book. While I was pregnant, I kind of went Oprah. Better than going postal, I guess.' ‘It's a lovely name,' I said. ‘And I don't think you're a bad mom.' What went through my mind right then was a story Frank Arlen had told over a meal at Christmas it had been about Petie, the youngest brother, and Frank had had the whole table in stitches. Even Petie, who claimed not to remember a bit of the incident, laughed until tears streamed down his cheeks. One Easter, Frank said, when Petie was about five, their folks had gotten them up for an Easter-egg hunt. The two parents had hidden over a hundred colored hard-boiled eggs around the house the evening before, after getting the kids over to their grandparents'. A high old Easter morning was had by all, at least until Johanna looked up from the patio, where she was counting her share of the spoils, and shrieked. There was Petie, crawling gaily around on the second-floor overhang at the back of the house, not six feet from the drop to the concrete patio. Mr. Arlen had rescued Petie while the rest of the family stood below, holding hands, frozen with horror and fascination. Mrs. Arlen had repeated the Hail Mary over and over (‘so fast she sounded like one of the Chipmunks on that old ‘Witch Doctor' record,' Frank had said, laughing harder than ever) until her husband had disappeared back into the open bedroom window with Petie in his arms. Then she had swooned to the pavement, breaking her nose. When asked for an explanation, Petie had told them he'd wanted to check the rain-gutter for eggs. I suppose every family has at least one story like that; the survival of the world's Peties and Kyras is a convincing argument in the minds of parents, anyway for the existence of God. ‘I was so scared,' Mattie said, now looking fourteen again. Fifteen at most. ‘But it's over,' I said. ‘And Kyra's not going to go walking in the road anymore. Are you, Kyra?' She shook her head against her mother's shoulder without raising it. I had an idea she'd probably be asleep before Mattie got her back to the good old doublewide. ‘You don't know how bizarre this is for me,' Mattie said. ‘One of my favorite writers comes out of nowhere and saves my kid. I knew you had a place on the TR, that big old log house everyone calls Sara Laughs, but folks say you don't come here anymore since your wife died.' ‘For a long time I didn't,' I said. ‘If Sara was a marriage instead of a house, you'd call this a trial reconciliation.' She smiled fleetingly, then looked grave again. ‘I want to ask you for something. A favor.' ‘Ask away.' ‘Don't talk about this. It's not a good time for Ki and me.' ‘Why not?' She bit her lip and seemed to consider answering the question -one I might not have asked, given an extra moment to consider and then shook her head. ‘It's just not. And I'd be so grateful if you didn't talk about what just happened in town. More grateful than you'll ever know.' ‘No problem.' ‘You mean it?' ‘Sure. I'm basically a summer person who hasn't been around for awhile . . . which means I don't have many folks to talk to, anyway.' There was Bill Dean, of course, but I could keep quiet around him. Not that he wouldn't know. If this little lady thought the locals weren't going to find out about her daughter's attempt to get to the beach by shank's mare, she was fooling herself. ‘I think we've been noticed already, though. Take a look up at Brooksie's Garage. Peek, don't stare.' She did, and sighed. Two old men were standing on the tarmac where there had been gas pumps once upon a time. One was very likely Brooksie himself; I thought I could see the remnants of the flyaway red hair which had always made him look like a downeast version of Bozo the Clown. The other, old enough to make Brooksie look like a wee slip of a lad, was leaning on a gold-headed cane in a way that was queerly vulpine. ‘I can't do anything about them,' she said, sounding depressed. ‘Nobody can do anything about them. I guess I should count myself lucky it's a holiday and there's only two of them.' ‘Besides,' I added, ‘they probably didn't see much.' Which ignored two things: first, that half a dozen cars and pick-em-ups had gone by while we had been standing here, and second, that whatever Brooksie and his elderly friend hadn't seen, they would be more than happy to make up. On Mattie's shoulder, Kyra gave a ladylike snore. Mattie glanced at her and gave her a smile full of rue and love. ‘I'm sorry we had to meet under circumstances that make me look like such a dope, because I really am a big fan. They say at the bookstore in Castle Rock that you've got a new one coming out this summer.' I nodded. ‘It's called Helen's Promise.' She grinned. ‘Good title.' ‘Thanks. You better get your buddy back home before she breaks your arm.' ‘Yeah.' There are people in this world who have a knack for asking embarrassing, awkward questions without meaning to it's like a talent for walking into doors. I am one of that tribe, and as I walked with her toward the passenger side of the Scout, I found a good one. And yet it was hard to blame myself too enthusiastically. I had seen the wedding ring on her hand, after all. ‘Will you tell your husband?' Her smile stayed on, but it paled somehow. And tightened. If it were possible to delete a spoken question the way you can delete a line of type when you're writing a story, I would have done it. ‘He died last August.' ‘Mattie, I'm sorry. Open mouth, insert foot.' ‘You couldn't know. A girl my age isn't even supposed to be married, is she? And if she is, her husband's supposed to be in the army, or something.' There was a pink baby-seat also Kmart, I guessed on the passenger side of the Scout. Mattie tried to boost Kyra in, but I could see she was struggling. I stepped forward to help her, and for just a moment, as I reached past her to grab a plump leg, the back of my hand brushed her breast. She couldn't step back unless she wanted to risk Kyra's slithering out of the seat and onto the floor, but I could feel her recording the touch. My husband's dead, not a threat, so the big-deal writer thinks it's okay to cop a little feel on a hot summer morning. And what can I say? Mr. Big Deal came along and hauled my kid out of the road, maybe saved her life. No, Mattie, I may be forty going on a hundred, but I was not copping a feel. Except I couldn't say that; it would only make things worse. I felt my cheeks flush a little. ‘How old are you?' I asked, when we had the baby squared away and were back at a safe distance. She gave me a look. Tired or not, she had it together again. ‘Old enough to know the situation I'm in.' She held out her hand. ‘Thanks again, Mr. Noonan. God sent you along at the right time.' ‘Nah, God just told me I needed a hamburger at the Village Cafe,' I said. ‘Or maybe it was His opposite number. Please say Buddy's still doing business at the same old stand.' She smiled. It warmed her face back up again, and I was happy to see it. ‘He'll still be there when Ki's kids are old enough to try buying beer with fake IDS. Unless someone wanders in off the road and asks for something like shrimp tetrazzini. If that happened he'd probably drop dead of a heart attack.' ‘Yeah. Well, when I get copies of the new book, I'll drop one off.' The smile continued to hang in there, but now it shaded toward caution. ‘You don't need to do that, Mr. Noonan.' ‘No, but I will. My agent gets me fifty comps. I find that as I get older, they go further.' Perhaps she heard more in my voice than I had meant to put there people do sometimes, I guess. ‘All right. I'll look forward to it.' I took another look at the baby, sleeping in that queerly casual way they have her head tilted over on her shoulder, her lovely little lips pursed and blowing a bubble. Their skin is what kills me so fine and perfect there seem to be no pores at all. Her Sox hat was askew. Mattie watched me reach in and readjust it so the visor's shade fell across her closed eyes. ‘Kyra,' I said. Mattie nodded. ‘Ladylike.' ‘Kia is an African name,' I said. ‘It means ‘season's beginning.† I left her then, giving her a little wave as I headed back to the driver's side of the Chevy. I could feel her curious eyes on me, and I had the oddest feeling that I was going to cry. That feeling stayed with me long after the two of them were out of sight; was still with me when I got to the Village Cafe. I pulled into the dirt parking lot to the left of the off-brand gas pumps and just sat there for a little while, thinking about Jo and about a home pregnancy-testing kit which had cost twenty-two-fifty. A little secret she'd wanted to keep until she was absolutely sure. That must have been it; what else could it have been? ‘Kia,' I said. ‘Season's beginning.' But that made me feel like crying again, so I got out of the car and slammed the door hard behind me, as if I could keep the sadness inside that way.

The Detailed Guide on How to Write a Physics Term Paper

The Detailed Guide on How to Write a Physics Term Paper Writing a term paper is a significant part of the scientific work the student can perform during the process of studying. This kind of paper develops critical thinking and facilitates further explorations towards the specific problem. Due to the realization of differences between the essay, term and research paper on physics will provide the writer with the opportunity to create the works of the high quality. The Differences between the Essay, Term and Research Papers on Physics The physics essay is short in length one-three pages work, which purpose is to demonstrate the personal opinion towards the studying information. The essay is considered to be the easiest type of work as it does not require a comprehensive understanding of the particular problem. It consists of the personal opinion and the summary of the scientific facts, the combination of which aims to clarify the subject. The research paper on physics demands a writer to investigate the problem that is not well explored. It is usually an extensive work of more than five pages. This kind of paper requires the holistic understanding of the issue, the background of its appearance, the ways of its development, impact, and aftermaths it produces on the humankind, and the appropriate steps for its solution. The physics term paper targets to cover the issue studied during the course. In some cases, the term paper can be compared to the research considering their primary aims of investigations. The fundamental distinction of the term paper is based on the writer’s representation of the material. In this kind of work, it is possible to analyze the scholar sources combining with the personal feeling and ideas towards the theme of exploration. While based on the previous scholar explorations, the research paper targets to elaborate the solution of the physics issue, the term paper combines the analysis and evaluation of the scientific resources and the personal comprehension of the subject. A term paper can be a work of any length, from two pages up to eight and more. To elaborate a decent term paper on Physics, the writer should follow certain steps: Determine the topic of his/her investigation; Select the resources basis; Create an outline; Adhere to the structure of the term paper; Proofread the work. The Common Topics for a Physics Term Paper The Quantum Mechanics –The work which includes the analysis of Einstein’s theory of relativity and its correlation with the other fundamental theories of physics. The clarification of their interaction with classical mechanics leads to the explanations of the quantum mechanics appearance, its topicality, differences, and significance in contemporary physics. Newtonian Space-Time – The paper with the primary aim to explain the interaction between the Newtonian theory and the classical mathematical timing is highly appreciated. Due to the consideration that the scientist’s space-timing influences the physical laws of the external world, the paper declares that the space energy adheres to its unique nature that cannot be compared to the external one. The Astronomical Theories during the Time of Copernicus. The paper investigates the reasons for the alteration of the astronomical systems and the transition from the calendar methods of navigation. Basing on the inaccuracy and the desuetude of the traditional approaches, the explorations of Copernicus and other scholars promote the heliocentric system of Earth. Fluid Flows. The term paper which aims to analyze the Pascal’s Law and its correlation and evaluation of the pressurized water. The second point is based on the construction of the appropriate flow systems, considering the scholar’s law. The Inappropriate Topics for the Term Paper on Physics: The Effects of Friction; Beautiful Atmosphere; Electronic Circuit Theory; Kinetic Energy in Culture. These themes can undermine the student’s grade as they demand the more thorough and meticulous attitude towards the investigation. The Scholar Sources for the Term Papers on Physics â€Å"Quantum Mechanics: An Introduction† by Walter Greiner, 2011. The explanation of the impact the light produces on the Laws of Nature is the primary point of the book. â€Å"Understanding Space-Time: The Philosophical Development of Physics from Newton to Einstein† by Robert DiSalle, 2006. The target of the book is the indication of the historical prerequisites to the appearance of the space-time theory, its development, and the interaction with the other theories of physics. â€Å"Copernicus Secret: How the Scientific Revolution Began† by Jack Repcheck, 2007. The book represents the history of Copernicus manuscript and the scientist’s elaboration on the heliocentric cosmological model. â€Å"Stability Criteria for Fluid Flows† by Adelina Georgescu, Lidia Palese, 2010. The authors aim to represent the conditions of the fluid flow stability due to the implementation of the specific methodology of investigation. The Additional Sources of Information on: The Quantum Mechanics: Robert Coolman, â€Å"What Is Quantum Mechanics?† PBS, â€Å"Quantum Mechanics† Chad Orzel, â€Å"Six Things Everyone Should Know About Quantum Physics† Newtonian Space-time: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, â€Å"Absolute and Relational Theories of Space and Motion† https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-theories/ Kyoto University, â€Å"Neo-Newtonian Spacetime† http://www1.kcn.ne.jp/~h-uchii/neonewt.html Incandescence, â€Å"Deriving Newtonian Spacetime Geometry† gregegan.net/INCANDESCENCE/Schwarzschild/W.html The Astronomical Theories during the Time of Copernicus: Nicholas P. Leveillee, â€Å"Copernicus, Galileo, and the Church: Science in a Religious World† Rebecca Jansen, â€Å"Copernicus: Not Just an Astronomer† Fluid Flows: Jim Lucas, â€Å"What Is Fluid Dynamics?† An Outline of a Term Paper in Physics: Key Ideas from Our Writers The complexity of the selected topic on Physics can puzzle and confuse the writer. Face the same stumble stone to start writing a term paper? Hence, to avoid the misinterpretation, it is important to elaborate on the outline, which aims to facilitate the process of investigation, due to its schematic structure: The denotation of the audience and purpose of the work; The thesis statement around which a term paper goes; The organization: an abstract, introduction, main body, conclusion, list of references. The Structure of the Term Paper on Physics Abstract The purpose of the abstract is to represent the major topics of the exploration. It must be concise and indicate only the main information related to the theme of the investigation. It consists of the introductory sentence which leads to the key points of the investigation and the closing. For instance, the abstract for the Gravity Waves theme: ‘Doubtless, that the gravity waves have a significant impact on both the human organisms and the nature in a whole’ (introductory sentence). The paper provides a brief analysis of the reasons for the gravity waves appearance and the new methodology of their detection. The paper deals with three experimental groups: LISA, VIRGO, LIGO (key points). The implementation of this methodology will alter the persona perception and comprehension of the gravity waves less than in generation (closing). Introduction The primary aim of an introduction is to provide the reader with the background of the explored topic and to indicate the paper’s objectives. The introduction section consists of the leading sentence and the thesis statement, which includes one-two sentences and reveals the purpose of the paper. The example of the lead-in: ‘The contemporary explorers Dr. Vladimir B. Braginsky and Dr. Joseph Weber’s have stated that the gravity waves have a close connection with the theory of relativity. Thus the mentioned theory does not represent the holistic representation of the mentioned phenomena, but it indicates the sources and reasons for their appearance in nature.’ The correct thesis statement: ‘By considering the mentioned investigations, the paper reveals the further alteration of the gravity waves significance within the humankind. The implementation of the LISA, VIRGO, and LIGO groups assists in the indication of the contemporary positive and negative aspects of the gravity waves.’ The academic writing style is the next point worth consideration. The introduced examples reflect a high level of the writer’ language acquisition. For instance, such words as implementation, to analyze, to clarify, indication, contemporary are applicable for the academic writing. The wrong thesis statement: ‘As you can see, the paper tells about the gravity waves and their impact on the humankind. Also, due to the involvement of three organizational groups, I aim to prove that the gravity waves term will lose its significance in the next decade.’ This thesis is incorrect as it represents the noncompliance with the basic rules of the academic writing. Considering the studying level and the paper’s significance, the writer must avoid using the personal pronouns like I, you, we. The compulsory element of both, term or research paper is the indication of the scholar investigations in the thesis statement. In this sample, the author provided the readers with the general idea of the paper without regarding the academic basis of the work. The Main Body The main body aims at providing the reader with the explanation of the conducted investigation. The writer is required to involve an abundant amount of explorations and to cite them. Moreover, due to the obtained knowledge from the course, the writer has to represent the personal evaluation of the explored issue. He/she can either support or deny the statements of the sources. The number of paragraphs in the main body can vary distinctly considering the number of pages required. The writer has to follow a specific structure to elaborate the compelling analysis of the issue. Each paragraph includes the leading sentence, which indicates the starting point of the theme clarification. Then it develops into the explanation of the chief information including scientific information and personal reflections towards the theme. The last point is the transition sentence, which aims to conclude the represented information and to direct the reader’s attention to the next paragraph. The example of the body paragraph. The gravitation wave is an altered mass of energy which appears from the core of the galaxy, and due to its chemical structure produces the significant impact on the surface of the Earth (the introductory sentence). Supporting Einstein’s theory of relativity, the gravity waves can reach the speed of light and cause the alterations in the magnetic field of Earth. Therefore, the correlation between the gravity waves and the space-time proves that the atmosphere faces the temporal modifications like the magnetic storms which can deteriorate the physical state of the people (chief information). The space-time can alter its trajectory under the influence of the gravity waves. The last phenomenon deals with the alteration in the matter movement caused by the space-time. This synergetic correlation demands the specific tools for the issue analysis (transition sentence). Conclusion The conclusion reflects the results of the term paper. The writer has to provide a brief list of achievements (not summary), without the detailed explanation of the whole paper. Considering the length of the paper, the amount of the sentences can vary in the conclusion. Due to the adherence to the basic rules of the academic writing, the minimal paragraph has to include at least three sentences and cover four full lines. The example of the conclusion. ‘While talking about the interaction between the time-space and the gravity waves, the paper reflects the phenomenon like alteration in the matter and the time movement. Einstein’s theory of relativity denotes that the gravity waves can move with the speed of the light and affect the surface of Earth which affects the human’s organism negatively. The implementation of the LIGO, LISA, and VIRGO experimental groups prove the possible alteration in the comprehension of the gravity waves within the next decade.’ The List of References The writer has to create the references list considering the formatting style required in the instructions. The most common are the MLA and APA formats. The APA reference example: Ciufolini, I., Gorini, V., Moschella, U. (n.d.). Gravitational Waves. Retrieved from the online source. MLA reference example: Ciufolini, Ignazio, Gorini, Vitorrio, and Moschella, Ugo. Gravitational Waves. Taylor Francis Group, 2001. Additional Physics Term Paper Tips on Proofreading After finishing the term paper in Physics, you as its author are obliged to check the accuracy of the information presented. This process includes the correct grammar: tense, verb and noun forms; the stylistics: the appropriateness of the compound words; punctuation: the correct use of commas, semicolons. In addition, it is essential to check the paper for plagiarism. In this way, you will avoid any misunderstanding or inaccuracy connected with the task. That’s the moment when you’re ready to write a term paper in Physics. Despite this work can seem to be too challenging, you’ll be able to pick the fruit of work a high mark for academic writing. Sounds wonderful? Try out the way of good term paper writing given in this physics term paper writing guide!

Sovereign and Self Regulating Nations

Sovereign and Self Regulating Nations Free Online Research Papers Every state wants to be sovereign and self regulating like America, but today invisibly and imperceptibly America is looking no more sovereign , because of too much influence and interference of Israeli lobby in US. As two conservative American political scientists John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt writing an article in 2006 about the influence of Israel lobby in American politics, say and warn that â€Å"its decisive role in fomenting the Iraq war is now being repeated with the threat of action against Iran†. In 2006 former UN weapons inspector in Iraq â€Å"Scott Ritter† claimed that certain Israelis and pro-Israel elements in the United States has been trying to push the Bush Administration into war with Iran. Recently a leading American scientist Stewart Nozette has been arrested and charged with espionage .He had been working in Top Secret clearance which included nuclear weapon design information at the Department of Energy. The US Justice Department said that h e had been tried to pass on top secret information to an Israeli Intelligence Officer. As in past Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal which is also known as the AIPAC espionage scandal which claims that information regarding United States policy towards Iran was passed to Israel through staff members associated with American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) which directly lobbies the legislative branch of the US Government. Besides the fact that two former AIPAC employees has also been accused but US officials have been constantly stressing that Israeli government has not been involved in it. While as a matter of fact the US government’s current operating budget is dependent on foreign financing and money creation. The enormous scale of foreign borrowing and money creation has been compulsory to finance US’s wars which have been sending the dollar to historic lower rate. It has been reported that dollar even experienced large declines relative to currencies of third world countries such as Botswana and Brazil. While at the same time US has been roughly giving three billion per year military and economic support to Israel, although it is a relatively rich country that receives more foreign aid than any other country. US also used its veto power in UN all the time to the critics of Israel and finally the resolution was turned down due to the negative vote of the permanent member of Security Council. The US, as a staunch ally of Israel, has so far vetoed over 40 anti-Israel resolutions sought by the council since 1972.Because of this same reason UN Security Council has been unable to force an end to Israel attacks against Gaza due to the intervention of the United States. So it seems that US is not using its veto power but it has been used by Israel, which is an open secret. Similarly inside US there is a powerful interest group, who has been deeply committed in shaping American foreign policy that benefitted Israel. Especially the US policies in Middle East have been pursued because of immense force used in decision making process from Jewish lobbies. There is a dire need to think, why former President Bush used to say that â€Å"a free, prosperous and secure Israel is in this nation’s interest? Noam Chomsky, political activist and professor writes that â€Å"there are far more powerful interests that have a stake in what happens in the Persian Gulf region than does AIP AC [or the lobby generally], such as the oil companies, the arms industry and other interests whose lobbying influence and campaign contributions far surpass that of the much-vaunted Zionist lobby and its allied donors to congressional races.† One can easily judge how much American media has been free by the statement of the American journalist Michael massing, he argues that there is a lack of media coverage on the Israel lobby and the main obstacle to covering these groups is fear. The most important in this is that one does not dare to debate this issue in America and the same feelings had been expressed by Colonel L.Wilkerson Chief of staff Colin Powell. So it provide evidence that proper elements of the Israel lobby consists of organized lobby groups, political action committees, think tanks and media watch dogs has been operating in US .Is this sovereignty? Is this democracy? So whether the connections between America and Israel is so strong and great that geo-strategy, political strategy, economic strategy has been coinciding up to the level of grand strategy? If that is so then why US official has been trying to hide the involvement? While Jewish lobbies not only influences their foreign policies, political system but their judicial system and media also. Which institution left that makes States sovereign? Research Papers on Sovereign and Self Regulating NationsCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationPETSTEL analysis of IndiaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceTwilight of the UAW19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraQuebec and CanadaAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Assess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New Employees

The Immortal Life Of Henrietta Lacks Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Immortal Life Of Henrietta Lacks - Assignment Example Cancer is a combination of diseases with various possible causes. Cancer is caused by genetic factors, environmental exposures, lifestyle factors and a group of infections. The human genes of the predecessors can affect their descendants in a family lineage. Some people get the risk of being affected by cancer through inheriting from their parents, but not common. The human lifestyles such as the physical activities, diet or tobacco use can cause cancer (Skloot, 2010). Tobacco contains tar, which usually affects the lungs and the throat affecting their cells resulting in cancer. Other drugs such as cocaine and bhang affect the brain cells, which can cause brain cancer. Some diets contain harmful antibiotics that can interfere with the body. Alcohol consumption can also cause cancer. Much exposure to sun radiations or other harmful radiations from machines such as x-ray machine also increases the chances of being affected by skin cancer (Skloot, 2010). Water and air pollution and some medical treatments and tests can also cause cancer if they interfere with body cells. However, the affected different body cells can be extracted from human organs and preserved where some can live forever while others cannot. The living cell assists the doctors in doing research about curing the various types of cancers. Unawareness is the state of not being familiar with what has happened or been happening. It is a common thing that usually happens in people’s lives. The issue of unawareness can last for a long time in decades or centuries. Unawareness covers many fields involving human activities such as education, economy, business, health among others. Most people live without the consent of their body health.

Questions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Questions - Research Paper Example As a science, curriculum design is not a onetime process, but a continuous process with five phases. These phases are: Assessment, Research, Design, Improvement and Curriculum (Avenues, 2014). The process is continuous in the sense that at the output level (curriculum), there is still assessment being done. As a science the curriculum design involves a lot of research so as to come up with a suitable product. There is therefore need of reexamining the curriculum, its fine- tuning and improving it both within the projects and the end of the projects. It is like monitoring and evaluation, to come up with the best outcome. Morality as a principle contributes to my curriculum design philosophy. I believe in doing what is right not only to me, but to the general public. I do believe that I should come up with curriculum design that will benefit my employer, my colleagues in the place of work and the public in general. Given that one of the attributes of Curriculum design is that it is deliberate, I do believe it should be done with good conscious of not harming anyone but changing the lives for the better. It involves therefore the process of identifying what will be done, at what time it will be done, by whom and when with set kind of responsibility to ensure accountability (Avenues, 2014). The principle of Curriculum Design as a knowledge is of much importance. It views curriculum design as not trial and error stuff, but something to be done by professionals. One of the attributes of Curriculum Design is that it is creative. At every stage of curriculum design there are opportunities of novel concepts, innovative and inventive introduction (Avenues, 2014). It requires an idea of how, where and when to place a puzzle and what to expect in return. It needs one to understand the goal set and come up with ways to meet that goal. The Subject centered design is based on the belief that what makes